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Crystals are normally attached at one end to rock cavities and will break along a flat surface when detached. The columnar crystals of topaz are usually prismatic, often with two or more vertical prism forms and with vertical striations on the faces. Massive, granular forms also exist. The crystals occur in a variety of colours, according to the amount of metallic trace elements present when formed, such as iron and chromium. Dark-orange topaz is called hyacinth. The less valuable CITRINE and sometimes SMOKY QUARTz are sold as topaz. The ancient Greeks and Romans greatly valued topaz as a gemstone. Small wine-yellow 'Saxonian topaz' was mined at Schneckenstein in the Erzgebirge Mountains, Saxony, Germany, in medieval times, and these specimens were worn in jewellery by several rulers. Deep mining was later used at the site from 1737 to 1800. Topaz was a prized but rare stone from the Middle Ages until discoveries of large deposits in Brazil in the mid-19th century. Now it is a popular and very affordable gem. A distinctive feature of topaz is its perfect, easy cleavage. This requires careful handling when stones are cut and polished, since specimens may split or develop internal cracks. Even the warmth of a hand can cause cracks within. Colourless topaz is often cut as round or oval brilliants. Pendeloque stones in the mixed-cut style are also popular. Coloured topaz is frequently cut as trap and table cuts. The stones will take a very smooth polish.